It starts at home? Climate policies targeting household consumption and behavioral decisions are key to low-carbon futures     

Ghislain Dubois  Benjamin Sovacool  Carlo Aall  Maria Nilsson  Carine Barbier  Alina Herrmann  Sébastien Bruyère  Camilla Andersson  Bore Skold  Franck Nadaud  Florian Dorner  Karen Richardsen Moberg  Jean Paul Ceron  Helen Fischer  Dorothee Amelung  Marta Baltruszewicz  Jeremy Fischer  Françoise Benevise  Valérie R. Louis  Rainer Sauerborn 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2010

Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, they are key actors in reaching the 1.5 °C goal under the Paris Agreement. However, the possible contribution and position of households in climate policies is neither well understood, nor do households receive sufficiently high priority in current climate policy strategies. This paper investigates how behavioral change can achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in European high-income countries. It uses theoretical thinking and some core results from the HOPE research project, which investigated household preferences for reducing emissions in four European cities in France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The paper makes five major points: First, car and plane mobility, meat and dairy consumption, as well as heating are the most dominant components of household footprints. Second, household living situations (demographics, size of home) greatly influence the household potential to reduce their footprint, even more than country or city location. Third, household decisions can be sequential and temporally dynamic, shifting through different phases such as childhood, adulthood, and illness. Fourth, short term voluntary efforts will not be sufficient by themselves to reach the drastic reductions needed to achieve the 1.5 °C goal; instead, households need a regulatory framework supporting their behavioral changes. Fifth, there is a mismatch between the roles and responsibilities conveyed by current climate policies and household perceptions of responsibility. We then conclude with further recommendations for research and policy.  相似文献   

Planning adaptation based on local actors’ knowledge and participation: a climate governance experiment     

Geneviève Cloutier  Florent Joerin  Catherine Dubois  Martial Labarthe  Christelle Legay  Dominique Viens 《Climate Policy》2013,13(4):458-474

Involving a wide-range of stakeholders at different moments in the planning of urban adaptation to climate change can help to overcome different barriers to adaptation, such as a lack of common perception, or control over options. This Article argues for an approach that involves a wide range of actors throughout the planning process in order to confront the challenges of urban adaptation to climate change. It builds on the results of a three-year participatory action research project to identify the catalysts with which local administrations can overcome the lack of data, the low level of engagement around the climate issue, and the cause-and-effect linkages of climate change impacts on the urban environment. Significant factors include territorial rootedness, leveraging actors’ experience, interaction between actors, as well as the valuing of local actors as experts of territorial management rather than as novices with regard to climate change adaptation. In addition to contributing towards the engagement of a large number of stakeholders around adaptation issues, a planning process that involves representatives from various sectors and during several stages contributes to a greater understanding of these issues and their linkages. It follows that such a process will bring changes to urban practices by better articulating local concerns about climatic issues.

Policy relevance

Although participation is commonly advocated in policy responses to climate change, only few empirical studies have investigated the ways in which local actors' knowledge can be integrated into climate change adaptation planning processes. The article builds on the results of an action research project carried out in Québec City, Canada, to address the relevance of involving a progressively broader range of actors as the adaptation process moves through its various phases. Given that a multitude of barriers to adaptation are at play at different times in a municipality, collaborations between local stakeholders emerge as a key factor. These collaborations provide greater insight into the linkages between climate change impacts and the urban environment and, in doing so, bring into question ordinary urban management and design practices.  相似文献   

Potential performance of parametric communications     

Kopp  L. Cano  D. Dubois  E. Wang  L. Smith  B. Coates  R.F.W. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2000,25(3):282-295

From a designer viewpoint, a parametric array should not appear different from any other type of acoustic transducer and should be described by a limited set of design equations together with their range of validity. In this paper, these design equations are stated and discussed. They are used to optimize the acoustic parameters of an underwater communication system using parametric transduction and to evaluate its performance in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and data-rate limits as a function of transmission range. It turns out that, for a maximum data transmission rate at a given range, there is a set of optimum design parameters which is a function of the array size only. This means that, once given an operational range, the primary frequency, the electrical power, the maximum acoustic source level, and the directionality of the transducer can be deduced directly from the array diameter  相似文献   

It starts at home? Climate policies targeting household consumption and behavioral decisions are key to low-carbon futures     

Ghislain Dubois  Benjamin Sovacool  Carlo Aall  Maria Nilsson  Carine Barbier  Alina Herrmann  Sébastien Bruyère  Camilla Andersson  Bore Skold  Franck Nadaud  Florian Dorner  Karen Richardsen Moberg  Jean Paul Ceron  Helen Fischer  Dorothee Amelung  Marta Baltruszewicz  Jeremy Fischer  Françoise Benevise  Valérie R. Louis  Rainer Sauerborn 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2011

Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, they are key actors in reaching the 1.5 °C goal under the Paris Agreement. However, the possible contribution and position of households in climate policies is neither well understood, nor do households receive sufficiently high priority in current climate policy strategies. This paper investigates how behavioral change can achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in European high-income countries. It uses theoretical thinking and some core results from the HOPE research project, which investigated household preferences for reducing emissions in four European cities in France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The paper makes five major points: First, car and plane mobility, meat and dairy consumption, as well as heating are the most dominant components of household footprints. Second, household living situations (demographics, size of home) greatly influence the household potential to reduce their footprint, even more than country or city location. Third, household decisions can be sequential and temporally dynamic, shifting through different phases such as childhood, adulthood, and illness. Fourth, short term voluntary efforts will not be sufficient by themselves to reach the drastic reductions needed to achieve the 1.5 °C goal; instead, households need a regulatory framework supporting their behavioral changes. Fifth, there is a mismatch between the roles and responsibilities conveyed by current climate policies and household perceptions of responsibility. We then conclude with further recommendations for research and policy.  相似文献   

Erratum to: Future projections of the surface heat and water budgets of the Mediterranean Sea in an ensemble of coupled atmosphere–ocean regional climate models     

C. Dubois  S. Somot  S. Calmanti  A. Carillo  M. Déqué  A. Dell’Aquila  A. Elizalde  S. Gualdi  D. Jacob  B. L’Hévéder  L. Li  P. Oddo  G. Sannino  E. Scoccimarro  F. Sevault 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(12):3125-3125

  相似文献   

A multivariate analysis approach for the imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes system H.E.S.S.     

F. Dubois  G. Lamanna  A. Jacholkowska 《Astroparticle Physics》2009,32(2):73-88

A multivariate particle classification approach is proposed and applied to the analysis of the data from H.E.S.S. (High Energy Stereoscopic System). The combination of results from the three shower reconstruction methods: Hillas, model and 3D-model, leads to a substantial gain in the discrimination power between photons and hadrons. The construction and use of a combined effective estimator improves by several factors the signal-to-background ratio which is extremely important in case of studies of the faint and extended sources. The results of this approach are presented for a typical set of sources. The consequent gain in the sensitivity is shown through a comparison to the H.E.S.S. published results.  相似文献   

Co-Orbital Motion with Slowly Varying Parameters     

Bruno Sicardy  Véronique Dubois 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2003,86(4):321-350

We consider the dynamics of a test particle co-orbital with a satellite of mass m _s which revolves around a planet of mass M ₀ m _s with a mean motion n _s and semi-major axis a _s. We study the long term evolution of the particle motion under slow variations of (1) the mass of the primary, M ₀, (2) the mass of the satellite, m _s and (3) the specific angular momentum of the satellite J _s. The particle is not restricted to small harmonic oscillations near L ₄ or L ₅, and may have any libration amplitude on tadpole or horseshoe orbits. In a first step, no torque is applied to the particle, so that its motion is described by a Hamiltonian with slowly varying parameters. We show that the torque applied to the satellite, as measured by _s = j_s/(n _s J _s) induces an distortion of the phase space which is entirely described by an asymmetry coefficient = _s/, where = m _s/M. The adiabatic invariance of action implies furthermore that the long term evolution of the particle co-orbital motion depends only on the variation of m _s a _s with time. Applying a constant torque to the particle, as measured by _s = j_s/(n _s J _p) is then merely equivalent to replacing = _s/ by = (_s – _p)/. However, if the torque acting on the particle exhibits a radial gradient, then the action is no more conserved and the evolution of the particle orbit is no more controlled by m _s a _s only. We show that even mild torque gradients can dominate the orbital evolution of the particle, and eventually decide whether the latter will be pulled towards the stable equilibrium points L ₄ or L ₅, or driven away from them. Finally, we show that when the co-orbital bodies are two satellites with comparable masses m ₁ and m ₂, we can reduce the problem to that of a test particle co-orbital with a satellite of mass m ₁ + m ₂. This new problem has then parameters varying at rates which are combinations, with appropriate coefficients, of the changes suffered by each satellite.  相似文献   

Behaviour of the oceanic lithosphere at subduction zones; plastic yield strength from a finite-element method     

E. Carey  J. Dubois 《Tectonophysics》1981,74(1-2)

Using the finite-element method to study the deflection of the oceanic lithosphere at subduction zones shows that deflection of an elastic-plastic model agrees with observed bathymetry data, except for 2 examples, Kermadec and Mariana, where the lithospheric behaviour remains elastic seaward of the trench. Seven of the cases we studied could be easily fitted and enabled us to compute an effective yield strength, the average value of which is about 3.8 to 4.8 kbar and seems to be the same in every case.  相似文献   

The Pitcairn hotspot in the South Pacific: distribution and composition of submarine volcanic sequences     

R. Hekinian  J. L. Chemine  J. Dubois  P. Stoffers  S. Scott  C. Guivel  D. Garbe-Schnberg  C. Devey  B. Bourdon  K. Lackschewitz  G. McMurtry  E. Le Drezen 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2003,121(3-4):219-245

Multibeam bathymetry and bottom imaging (Simrad EM12D) studies on an area of about 9500 km² were conducted over the Pitcairn hotspot near 25°10′S, 129° 20′W. In addition, 15 dives with the Nautile submersible enabled us to obtain ground-true observations and to sample volcanic structures on the ancient ocean crust of the Farallon Plate at 3500–4300 m depths. More than 100 submarine volcanoes overprint the ancient crust and are divided according to their size into large (>2000 m in height), intermediate (500–2000 m high) and small (<500 m high) edifices. The interpretation of seafloor backscatter imagery accompanied by submersible observations and sampling enabled us to infer that the total volume of submarine lava erupted during hotspot activity is about 5900 km³ within a radius of about 110 km. The most recent volcanic activities occur on both small and large edifices composed of a great variety of lava flows. These flows vary in composition, following a succession from picritic basalt to alkali basalt, trachybasalt, trachy-andesite and to trachyte. Their large range of SiO₂ (48–62%), Na₂O+K₂O (2–11%), Ba (300–1300 ppm), MgO (1–11%), Nb (19–130 ppm), Ni (4–400 ppm) and rare earth elements suggests that crystal–liquid fractionation from basanite and/or picritic melt sources was a major process. The variation in composition between the least evolved basaltic rocks and the other more evolved silicic lava is marked by a difference in their flow morphology (pillow, giant tubes, tabular to blocky flows). The lava composition and field observation indicate that several magmatic pulses giving rise to cyclic eruptions are responsible for the construction of the edifices. The two larger edifices (>2000 m high) show more extensive eruptive events and a wider range in compositional variability than the smaller (<500 m high) ones. Several (five) submersible transects made along the slope of one of the largest edifices (Bounty) enabled us to observe at least nine successive eruptive cycles progressing from pillow and giant tubular basalt to tabular/blocky trachy-andesite and trachyte flows. Pyroclasts and hyaloclastites are often found with these eruptive sequences. The smaller edifices, forming individualized cones, are built mainly of evolved silicic (SiO₂>53%) flows consisting essentially of alternating sequences of trachy-andesite and trachyte. The distribution and composition of the small edifices suggest that they are the result of sub-crustal forceful magma injection and channeling supplied from reservoirs associated with the large volcanoes.  相似文献   

Regionally Representative Ozone Monitoring at Cape Arkona     

R. Dubois  H. Flentje  F. Heintz  H. J. Karbach  U. Platt 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1997,28(1-3):97-109

Long Path Different Optical Absorption measurements of theconcentrations of O₃, NO₂, NO₃ andSO₂ were carried out at Cape Arkona, Island Rügen, nearthe well-known long-term ozone registration. A statistical analysis ofdifferent trace gas concentrations for all seasons is presented. Daytimedata, wind speed and sector-classified results are used to estimaterepresentative ozone concentrations. Comparison of the long path ozonemeasurements with point measurements at Cape Arkona shows ozoneconcentration differences.  相似文献